*On 8/24/1804, the Corps of Discovery noted a bluff that was smoking and was too hot to touch.*
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| Newcastle, NE: Ionia Cemetery sits on the remnants of Ionia Volcano |
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| Ionia Volcano: Lewis & Clark Historical Marker |
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| View from Ionia Volcano to see the Missouri River has shifted away from the base of the volcano |
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| Dirt/gravel road dust on our car |
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| Driving back on the dirt/gravel road |
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| I just love these prehistoric insect-looking irrigation systems! |
*On 8/25/1804, members of the Corps of Discovery walked nine miles to explore Spirit Mound. Here they saw the first large herds of buffalo/bison.*
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| Spirit Mound Historic Prairie: Lewis & Clark Historical Marker |
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| Spirit Mound is a sacred site that has greatly deteriorated over the years; the Plains Nations believed that this mound was home to dangerous spirits or little people; neither the Corps of Discovery or we saw any little people, other than we saw children |
*Back on 6/12/1804, the Corps of Discovery encountered fur trader Pierre Dorian, and traded for buffalo tallow. Lewis convinced Dorian to join them as an interpreter with the Sioux nations.*
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| Yankton, SD: Pierre Dorian Memorial near the site of his burial |
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| Missouri River at Yankton, SD |
*On 8/30/1804, Lewis & Clark held council with the Yankton Sioux Nation.*
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| Lewis & Clark Visitor Center at Gavins Point Dam (closed) located on Calumet Bluff where Lewis & Clark met with the Yankton Sioux, with Dorian as interpreter |
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| Gavins Point Dam (1952-1957) created Lewis & Clark Lake |
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| Aha! Pelecanus erythrorhynchos/American White Pelicans, "discovered" by Lewis & Clark |
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| A quick lunch at Ohiya Casino & resort in Niobrara, NE, on the Santee Sioux Nation reservation |
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| Missouri River bluffs that are diminished due to increased water levels caused by damming |
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| Used boots on fenceposts; ranchers love their boots and reuse old ones, perhaps to honor their horses, perhaps putting them "sole up" makes sure a loved one's soul rises to heaven, perhaps the smell keeps away coyotes, or they protect the tops of wooden posts from rotting |
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| Another dirt/gravel road, this time with a view of the Missouri |
*On 9/7/1804, the Corps of Discovery saw a bald hill, "the Cupola", where nearby they worked to obtain a barking squirrel specimen to send back to Washington, DC. They tried pouring water down one of the holes, and resorted to digging.*
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| "Old Baldy" aka "The Tower" or the "Cupola" to the left |
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| We have seen so many cows with so many calves, spread out on the hillsides in Nebraska and South Dakota |
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| Fort Randall Dam (1946-1953, creating Lake Francis Case), one of 15 dams along the Missouri River |
*On 9/16/1804, the Corps of Discovery stopped at a place they called Camp Pleasant, where there were plentiful buffalo/bison, deer, antelope and elk.*
~On 5/24/1999, Ada & Bert S visited the Chamberlain, SD Visitor Center on Interstate-90.~
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| Chamberlain, SD: Lewis & Clark Historical Marker |
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| Dignity: of Earth & Sky (2016, by Dale Lamphere), a statue of Sakagawea to honor the Lakota and Dakota people, was a gift from Norm and Eunabel McKie of Rapid City to all the people of SD |
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| By day the diamond-shaped color-changing pieces glitter in the sun, and at night they are lighted by LED lights |
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| View of the Missouri River from the Dignity statue |
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| 1999: View of the Missouri River from the Visitor Center |
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| Lodgepoles (1976, by Ward Whitwam) |
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| 1999: Ada with Lodgepoles |
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| Chamberlain Visitor Center (2003) panels celebrate Lewis and Clark, the native peoples of South Dakota, and its wildlife |
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| More artistic panels |
Next: Lewis & Clark Trip Day 17.
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